Domestic Violence Against Men

By /

Author(s): Biswarupa Das, Uma Sharma & Prachi Bhardwaj

Paper Details: Volume 2, Issue 5

Citation: IJLSSS 2(5) 13

Page No: 120 – 135

Download Paper

ABSTRACT

Domestic Violence is a recurring pattern of abusive behaviours inflicted by perpetrators, not limited to physical abuse but extending to emotional, psychological, sexual, and economic harm. While often associated with female victims, male victimization is prevalent but underreported due to societal stigma and gender biases. Global statistics show significant male victim rates, yet resources remain limited. Societal awareness, gender-neutral laws, and inclusive support systems are essential. Domestic violence affects all genders and needs a holistic, unbiased approach for justice and rehabilitation.

KEY WORDS: Domestic violence, male victimization, reports, cultural impact, legal implications.

INTRODUCTION

Domestic violence is a day-to-day phenomenon if we observe closely, but since a long time the victims are considered as women only. Men are often overlooked if seen from the lens of domestic violence and they are often viewed as perpetrators. But in my opinion, it is the need of the hour to look into this aspect also, where rather than advocating for a specific gender, we should treat and consider both the genders equally and accept the fact that men can also be the victims where, practically there is no law to support or protect them, if they get engulfed in such a mess.

Before focusing upon and considering the fact of domestic violence, first, we need to understand what is meant by domestic violence. It has different forms and types but what is basic thing in this that it leaves a scar and trauma in the life of the person who ultimately becomes the victim. The essence of domestic violence is that there is use of force whether it’s verbal, physical, mental or sexual against any person and undermining their integrity and respect. It takes within the boundaries of a home and thus, often unreported and unknown, deteriorating family and intimate relationships.[1] The notion that drives domestic violence is that one person tries to subjugate the other one and establish themself as the dominant one, controlling each and every move of the other person. It includes slapping, kicking, beating the other person or criticizing them on little things in front of other, restricting their way of expressing emotion giving them a psychological setback and also taking into account the sexual abuse whether initiating the act forcefully or not at all. All these activities tend to increase with time making the person weaker and physically, emotionally and mentally drain.

DEFINING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ITS IMPACT

Domestic violence is a recurring pattern of abusive behaviours used by perpetrators against their victims rather than a single, isolated incident. Throughout the relationship, this pattern consists of a range of abusive behaviours that recur often throughout several episodes. The form and intensity of these episodes can vary. Some might entail persistent assaults in which one abusive tactic such as punching or other physical violence, is used repeatedly along with other abusive behaviours, like yelling, threatening, or destroying property. While some types of abuse, such as physical assault, may happen sometimes, other strategies, like verbal abuse or frightening gestures, may take place on a daily basis. Depending on the situation, these episodes may last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours or even days.

Every instance of domestic abuse is linked to earlier and subsequent incidents. As a means of intimidation and control, perpetrators frequently bring up previous episodes to remind victims of the hurt they have caused. “Remember the last time?” is one example of a phrase that instills fear and anticipation of future abuse. This persistent pattern of coercion encompasses a variety of actions, ranging from economic and psychological abuse to physical violence, all of which have a significant and long-lasting impact on the victim. Even though some behaviours, like physical or sexual assault, are unlawful, others, like verbal abuse, questioning children, or denying them access to resources, can nonetheless have a negative psychological impact. The physical and mental health of victims is significantly impacted by these abusive behaviours, which can be overt or covert. Victims see these behaviours as a part of a wider, ongoing pattern of abuse rather than as isolated events.

Thus, the concept of domestic violence is not connected with any one kind of definition and meaning. It consists of a number of incidents where the aggressor with the intention to assert their dominance, harms their intricate relationship by adopting various strategies that make the relationship abusive. The abuse under domestic violence can take any form. Some of them are: –

PHYSICAL ABUSE AND ASSAULT

It is the most common kind of domestic violence that takes place. It involves assaulting the victim physically, which affects them severely. It includes slapping, kicking, hitting or depriving people of basic essentials like food and water.

EMOTIONAL ABUSE

It mainly involves undermining the self-worth or confidence of the person by constantly humiliating them, criticizing them in front of others and making them self-conscious where they start doubting themselves and their worth. It makes them emotionally more vulnerable and dependent on the abuser and other people for self-validation.

SEXUAL ABUSE

Sexual abuse can also be observed in intimate relationships where one partner tries to dominate the other one by sexually abusing them, in simple, having forced sexual intercourse or forceful oral sex or nakedness.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE

Psychological abuse instills an intimidating sense in the mind of victim, due to which they start fearing things, creating different phobias in them leading to disturbed sleep and nightmares which ultimately leads to poor physical and mental health. It involves threatening to harm, causing harm to the children, or harassment in any way.

ECONOMIC ABUSE

It can happen in two ways, when the victim is economically dependent upon the aggressor and they are prevented from getting access to money and resources, which mainly happens in the case of women. But there is one more way, when the victim can be emotionally abused like when their all-financial security is taken by repeatedly taking all their money or spending more than what is necessary or lodging fake case against the victim itself which make them emotionally drain which mainly happens with men when their complaint is lodged with non-bailable offences.

Like all other instances, domestic violence creates a lot of havoc in the life of men. As per the norms of the society, men are expected to be strong and assertive, and thus it creates a lack of understanding and knowledge about male victimization in the society as observed in the case of Atul Subhash. Men’s feelings and emotions are tended to be ignored and they are constantly pressurized to be the bread-winner and that creates a thought in the mind of man itself that they need to be tough and strong and thus, they get reluctant and feel shameful while admitting their experiences of violence and seeking assistance. This all-hidden emotion and lone suffering puts men in depression and anxiety and also, creates a baggage of trauma.

This indifferent perspective towards male victimness and their suffocating experience in their intimate relationship is the reason that result in lack of assistance and resources for them. Although, there are various laws, schemes, services, NGO’s which are there in the society for rescuing women from such intimate partner violence but this is not exactly the same thing as observed in the case of men. This demonstrates that it is important for the society to acknowledge that domestic violence is not attached to a specific gender but is a gender-neutral aspect and, thus its knowledge and limits should be exceeded so as to be responsive and inclusive to all victims.

Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is a rising concern in today’s world when male victimization is getting recognized in the society with various cases coming up which demonstrated the lack of knowledge and sympathy towards men as they are only considered as the perpetrators of violence and an earning machine. There are various statistics and studies which also proves this fact about man abuse. Although, there are cases of male victims, they often go unreported and unaddressed. This lack of report and addressing is mainly due to two factors: –

  1. Lack of understanding towards the impact of domestic violence on men.
  2. Lack of legal framework on domestic violence in relation to male victims. These laws are mainly in favor of women and are tilted towards them, which causes unfair treatment and injustice to men. [2]

The prevalence of abuse and violence in intimate relationship has been there since ancient times. One of the ancient recorded instances of domestic violence can be observed from a law code that were passed in 2000 BCE in Babylon which prevented man from abusing his wife and if the violence causes miscarriage, then the men need to pay fine. This law code stipulates that asserting one’s dominance in a relationship through abuse and violation is something that is prevalent in the society since a very long time as in Greece or Europe where it was common for men to use physical violence to assert their authority.

Domestic violence is caused by various factors like economic constraints, deteriorated mental health conditions or due to the misuse of drugs or high alcohol consumption as well as society’s response towards the violence.

As already said, there are reports and statistics which shows the prevalence of domestic violence on men but still the research is in its developing era where even in the 21st century, people are yet to accept the fact of prevalence of violence on men by their partners. This issue needs to be pressed and further study need to be conducted.

If we observe legal implications closely, we can find that domestic violence as threat to life, health, safety, etc. or any kind of harassment which causes injury or harm either mental or physical to the victim. But what makes it ineffective is that it is restricted to women’s and not giving men the desired attention, they deserve related to this aspect.

Women have hold significant importance in this aspect whereby there are laws and sections like Domestic Violence 2000 Act, Section 498A of IPC (now repealed), dowry prohibition act, which on one hand strengthens the position of women in society and provide them a sense of security but also, becomes a tool for misuse and disadvantages for the male counterpart and affects them as seen in number of instances.

In the cases like ‘K Srinivas Rao v. D.A. Deepa[3]’ and ‘Rajesh Sharma v. State of U. P[4].’ court have asserted mental cruelty to men and false accusation by women when men had nothing wrong respectively.

All around the world, and especially in India there is the presence of patriarchal and cultural society, that set standards for men and women. Male being a victim of domestic violence becomes a matter of shame and hesitancy.

In the book, “You don’t need to be a wimp to be abused” [5]written by Beverly Wallin provides an understanding into the intricacies of domestic violence, explaining that it can happen to anyone and is not restricted to a specific gender, age or race. The author explains the story of Fred, who is a fictional man facing abusive relationship with his wife where she exhausts him physically, financially as well as mentally which pushes him in a zone where he gets addicted to substance misuse and went into depression. It is only through seeking assistance; he became able to restructure his life and his child’s life. Thus, it is quite clear now that the experience of domestic violence causes severe depression and trauma to men and also, their family where sometimes they also end up taking their life.

With this, I would like to end up this chapter with an emphasis upon the need of recognizing domestic violence against men as a pressing issue which is detrimental for the society as a whole.[6] There is need for an advancing society with society acceptance, legal developments in this regard and also setting up of various NGO’s like ‘Save Indian Family Foundation’ [7]which can provide assistance to men in need and provide them with an inclusive environment.

STATISTICS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN

Domestic violence often draws our attention regarding females or children being victims, but it is astonishing to witness that men can also be a sufferer too. It is paradoxical that men who are considered to be dominant and tough figures can face violence against them. The society has always portrayed them as the decisional head of the household, the contemporary era is marked by men facing physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse, social abuse, legal/ institutional abuse etc. This issue is very important to draw our eyes but it goes underreported in many instances. There are several factors leading to underreporting of such cases like the pre notion belief regarding masculinity expectations may discourage men from accepting them as victims, reporting such violence can lead a hindrance to their reputation, also fear of not believing them by the society etc.

This issue of domestic violence is not only regional to one country just instead scattered to more countries. “The latest Office for National Statistics figures (2022/23) show that one in three victims of domestic abuse are male equating to 751,000 men (3.2%) and 1.38 million women (5.7%). From this, 483,000 men and 964,000 women are victims of partner abuse. (ONS 2022/23). One in seven men (13.9%) and one in four women (27%) will be a victim of domestic abuse in their lifetime (ONS figures 2022/23). Of domestic abuse crimes recorded by the police, 25% were committed against men (ManKind Initiative).”[8]

US

In the United States, as per reports 1 in 10 men i.e., 10% of the population have experienced rape, stalking, physical violence by a partner. 1 in 7 men i.e., 13.8% of the population aged 18 years or above has faced severe physical violence by their intimate partner. The impact of domestic violence can also pose a significant issue at the workplace as it is found that a “staggering 96% of employed domestic violence victims experience problems at work due to the abuse.”[9]

Also, it is important to note that Office on violence against women (OVW) in support of survivors of domestic violence. The OVW’s initiatives including grant funding, tribal consultations, trauma-informed approaches, and coordinated community responses like Operation 922 in Oklahoma City. Such organizations help to deplete instances of domestic violence.

RUSSIA

The instances of domestic violence in Russia is mostly committed at the households or nearby them like backyards, elevators etc. “A 2009 survey carried out by the Levada Center on the perpetration of domestic violence in Russia found that 20.7% of females and 19.6% of males reported to have been violent toward their partner at any point in the relation-ship.[10] A 2012 Levada Center survey identified 9% of men who reported to have experienced violence from their current or ex-spouses in Russia (compared to 17% of women).[11] More recent national survey carried out by the survey agency Anketolog in 2019 found that 34.4% of women and 26.1% of men used violence against their spouses.[12]

BRITAIN

“As per the British crime survey[13], 40 per cent of domestic violence victims were men between 2004-2005 and 2008-2009. It has recently dropped to 37.7 per cent.

AUSTRALIA

Since the age of 15, one in every sixteen men[14] in Australia has been confined to domestic violence in the form of sexual or physical torture by their wives, intimate partners, or the person with whom they are cohabiting. 

Between 2012-13 and 2013-14, one man was killed every month as a result of domestic violence perpetrated by his current or former partner. Domestic violence against men by their spouses or intimate partners is not uncommon, according to studies and surveys from around the world. Appropriate provisions should be in place to address domestic violence in a much more neutral manner.”[15]

BREAKING THE SILENCE: THE SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER BIASES 

In the experience of domestic violence it’s not only women but men also experience the domestic violence; however, in most of the cases, they do not report due to society’s stigma, fear or various other reason as Dorothy Watson & Sarah Parsons (2005) reflected that a greater number of men experience abuse than shows in the legal statistics, because of reason like social stigma , fear of social criticism or other internal reason many do not  report their victimization .  Studies show that 3.4% to 20.3% men are victimization of domestic physical violence.[16] In February 2023, Anshika Awsthi presented her thought in The Indian express (An Indian perspective on Domestic Violence against men).[17] According to the survey of 1,000 married men in the village in Haryana, many reported experiencing domestic violence. On page 824 of Strauss (2011), it is stated that violence by women against her intimate partner should not dismissed, it is likening such an argument to saying that “cancer is not an important medical problem because many more die of heart disease”. While men often labeled as the perpetrators[18] of domestic violence but there is no definitive co-relation with gender as Breiding et al.[19] (2015) explain the intimate partner violence includes physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, or psychological aggression by the current or former partner. 

Due to prejudice and discrimination, society often think male as the aggressor partner and ignoring male victims of domestic violence. George (2007)[20] argues this system gives chance to the aggressive women to manipulate the officials like policemen to harm the male partner more. These women falsely claim they acted in self-defense as these women have idea that society mostly believe in them rather their male partner. (Jane Simon; Battered Men: Hidden Lives ).[21]A survey of one of the Indian state Jaipur (A Sociological Study of Domestic Violence against Men in Jaipur City 2016-17 ) the survey focused  men aged of 25th to 45th that presented the important factors that reflects victimization of men in domestic violence that is  acknowledged  due to which the intimated partner violence with men are increasing :

  • The belief of society and the cultural norms 

The idea that society created on Masculine characteristics as, “strong, courageous, self-dependence, aggressiveness” and feminine as of, “sensitive, unconfident, less courageous & dependent.” Due to this ongoing societal constraints and gender roles of society due to this norms in the cases of domestic violence  men unable sought against this violation .

  • Society as more sympathetic towards women and less towards men

People in society beliefs women as sensitive, has less power, innocent and men as the perpetrators of violation, in the country like the Indian law system introduced serious punishment in terms of domestic violation against women for men, and men as the victim of domestic violence are less concerned. 

  • The social construction of gender-based role

This helps us to understand the unequal roles that society created. The poststructuralist, Alloways (1995:12) argues the gender is divided into two male and female which mainly leads to issues like unequal payment , power imbalance and the harmful social expectations for both the gender, “Connell 1987:183 ” the gender is understand   in the form of  communication and language as used in the society that often people divide into male and female.

Most prominent socialist Kimmel. M in his work of 2001 (Male Victims of Domestic violence)[22] it is reflected that both women and men faced domestic violence. While many new laws, shelters for women, and therapy for aggressive men, which aims to address this problems also debated feminist activists emphasize that most domestic violence is committed by men against women, supported by numerous studies. However, some researchers and activist argued that men and women experience domestic violence in roughly equal numbers, citing around 100 studies. This cab ked to criticism from “men’s rights” advocates, claiming that policies overly focus on women as victims, overlooking male victimization.

In the recent time in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the number of male victims of spousal violence increased from 14 per, 1,000 to 90 per 1,000 and in Andhra Pradesh, it rose from 10 per 1,000 to 62 per 1,000. However, in Sikkim, spousal violence against husband decreased sharply from 39 per 1,000 to just 2 per 1,000 between NFHS-3 & NFHS-4.[23] This statement highlighted the increasing issues of men victims of domestic violence in certain states.

The initiatives that can be taken to protect victimization of men in domestic violence by cultural shift, when the cultural norms challenged and people accept that both men and women can be aggressors in an intimate partner violence when society belief on gender neutral, in some situation. When an equal support systems set up as similar to male also, this can be include shelters, counseling and emotional supports. The law enforcement should also treat male victims of domestic violence with trust and respect, ensuring that they are not judged or stigmatized when reporting abuse. Awareness programs can be conducted based on the proper survey report of the victimization of domestic violence so that the victim to get justice. This are some most important measures that can be taken to decrease the domestic violence.

LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDIA: ADDRESSING GENDER BIAS & MALE AS VICTIMIZATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

It is a common belief that men are the perpetrators of domestic violence; however domestic violence can be conducted by both men & women. In a patriarchal society like India, it is less commonly believed that men can also be victims of domestic violence, as they often tagged as stronger gender and women as the weaker one. However domestic violation is not only about the physical violence it can be psychological, economical, or sexual violence. These types of violence mostly conducted within the four walls of the house. In 2024, a 34-year-old man Atul Subash, committed suicide due to the Mental violence and pressure he faced from his wife Nikita.[24] There are many individuals like Subash in the society, but the question is:  How many of them get justice or how many of them are protected by law? On one hand the law of Indian constitution promised of equality under article 14 & Article 15 protection form discrimination against sex, religion, caste , race and place of birth , on the another way there is inequality , discrimination that  people face . Acts like Dowry Prevention Act 1986, DV Act 2005 can be seen as discriminatory,[25] as they are designed to protect women but in today’s context, women like Nikita Singhania misused these laws only to fulfill their expectations.  Many women unfortunately, file false complaints of dowry abuse against their husband and their family so that they enable to achieve advantages in divorce or to gain property. These laws are gender biased[26], such laws of crime like adultery which is a criminal offence against men who conduct sexual relation with another men’s wife, overlooked women from this kind of legal action. There are also some criminal laws which only talks about the men cruelty,[27] men abused women but no such law talks only for me. By seen the today’s scenario of Atul Subash where only age of 34 forced himself to kill because his wife demanded high amount of money which was unaffordable for him, Nikita’s false accusations of Dowry, domestic harassment created such scene that he left with no option rather than killing himself.  The Apex Court of India on the in the case of Nergesh Meerza v. State of Bombay , AIR 1951 SC 233 (1951) where women in her military service faced gender discrimination later on court held that gender discrimination unconstitutional  and violation of fundamental right against discrimination based on sex , race , religion , caste and birth place .[28]  The court earlier said  no discrimination to gender but still we can see discrimination because of  traditional belief that society has , the gender roles that society set up between men & women . The stereotypical thinking of people in our society which perpetrate men as the main culprit of domestic violence as they are the only aggressor, stronger who able to used their men power in a marriage such tag like “Mard ko Kabhi Dard Nahi Hota ” .[29] Society has thought  has to come forward  from such traditional norms  , and has to adopt  “Mard ko Vi Dard Hota hain“. Only on words the law seems to be beneficial for them.

REFERENCES

  1. Agarwal A and Johri MsK, “The Effects of Domestic Violence on Male Victims: The Law’s Response to the Ultimate Taboo” (2024) 9 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (IJNRD).
  2. Deshpande S, “Sociocultural and Legal Aspects of Violence Against Men” (2019) 1 Sage Journals.
  3. Ishrat Batool Naik I and Raffie Naik A, “DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: ITS CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PRECLUSIONS STRATEGIES” (2016) 2 International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education 1697.
  4. K Srinivas Rao v DA Deepa [2013] Supreme Court of India 2176.
  5. Sandeep and others, “A Review on Domestic Violence Against Men” (2021) 11 An International Bilingual Peer Reviewed Referred Research Journal 77
  6. Rajesh Sharma v State of UP [2017] Supreme Court of India 3869.
  7. Wallin B, You Don’t Need to Be a Wimp to Be Abused (Buddha Press.com 2013) <https://dokumen.pub/you-dont-have-to-be-a-wimp-to-be-abused-an-easy-guide-to-understanding-domestic-abuse-against-men-9781492178453-1492178454.html> accessed January 23, 2025.
  8. Mankind Initiative, Statistics on Male Victims of Domestic Abuse https://mankind.org.uk/statistics/statistics-on-male-victims-of-domestic-abuse/ accessed 25 January 2025.
  9. Emergency Assistance Foundation, Domestic Violence Awareness 2023 https://emergencyassistancefdn.org/domestic-violence-awareness-2023/ accessed 25 January 2025.
  10. Alexandra Lysova, ‘Violence in Pre-Marital and Marital Relationships in Russia’ (2008) 11(3) Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 129.
  11. Levada Centre, Kurier-2012: United Archive of Economic and Sociological Data http://sophist.hse.ru/db/oprview.shtml?T¼S&S¼1218 accessed 25 January 2025.
  12. Anketolog, ‘You Can’t Bear Leave: Russians about Domestic Violence‘ (2019) https://iom.anketolog.ru/2019/07/02/domashnee-nasilie accessed 25 January 2025.
  13. Jamie Doward, ‘Men Are Victims of Domestic Violence Too, Shock Study Reveals’ The Guardian (5 September 2010) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violence accessed 25 January 2025.
  14. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence in Australia, 2018: Summary (2018) https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-australia-2018/summary accessed 25 January 2025.
  • LawDocs, ‘Domestic Violence on Males in India‘ (2022) https://blog.lawdocs.in/2022/06/domestic-violence-on-males-in-india.html accessed 25 January 2025.
  • Verena Kolbe and Andreas Büttner, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men—Prevalence and Risk Factors’ (2020) 117(31-32) Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 534-541   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7658679/#:~:text=Results,abused%20or%20maltreated%20as%20children accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Anshika Awsthi, ‘An Indian Perspective on Domestic Violence against Men’ (18 February 2023) Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/my-thoughts-on-paper/an-indian-perspective-on-domestic-violence-against-men-50632/ accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Sarah R Meyer, Selina Hardt, and Heidi Stöckl, ‘Sociological Theories to Explain Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis’ (25 November 2023) 25(3) SAGE Open https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15248380231210939 accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Ayodele Johnson Oluwole, ‘The Socio-cultural Causes of Male Victimisation in Domestic Contexts in Lagos, Nigeria: A Qualitative Analysis (July – December 2017)’ (2017) International Journal of Criminal Justice Studies https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/download/195/139&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HRSTZ4rzI6Oh6rQP6af_qAE&scisig=AFWwaeZUhMF47Nwdsdkt7XaVA8rH&oi=scholarr accessed 23 January 2025.
  • Ayodele Johnson Oluwole, ‘The Socio-cultural Causes of Male Victimisation in Domestic Contexts in Lagos, Nigeria: A Qualitative Analysis (July – December 2017)’ (2017) International Journal of Criminal Justice Studies https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/download/195/139&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HRSTZ4rzI6Oh6rQP6af_qAE&scisig=AFWwaeZUhMF47Nwdsdkt7XaVA8rH&oi=scholarr accessed 23 January 2025.
  • Jane Simon, ‘Battered Men: Hidden Lives’ (23 October 2006, updated 3 February 2012) https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/battered-men-hidden-lives-646554 accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Nishtha Sharma, ‘A Sociological Study of Domestic Violence Against Men in Jaipur City 2016-17’ (2017) https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/20.500.14146/5574/2/02_synopsis.pdf accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Santosh Kumar Sharma, Deepanjali Vishwakarma and Suresh Jungari, ‘Prevalence and Risk Factors of Physical Violence Against Husbands: Evidence from India’ (2023) https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/Prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_physical_violence_against_husbands_evidence_from_India.pdf accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Geeta Pandey, ‘A Man’s Suicide Leads to Clamour Around India’s Dowry Law’ (23 December 2024) BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c33d6161z3yo accessed 25 January 2025.
  • Nandini, ‘Gender Neutrality in Domestic Violence Laws of India: The Neglected Male Side’ (2024) https://www.tscld.com/domestic-violence-against-men-india accessed 25 January 2025.
  • Navpreet Kaur and Shobha Gulati, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men in India: A Critical Analysis with Special Reference to Indian Laws’ (March 2024) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379793932_Domestic_violence_against_men_in_India_A_critical_analysis_with_special_reference_to_Indian_laws accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Susanna K Sebastian, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men in India’ (2018) 4(5) International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied Issues https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/susanna-k-sebastian.pdf accessed 25 January 2025.
  • Negha Senthil, Jayanthi Vajiram, and Nirmala V, ‘The Misuse of Law by Women in India – Constitutionality of Gender Bias’ (year) https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.14651 accessed 24 January 2025.
  • Nishtha Sharma, ‘A Sociological Study of Domestic Violence against Men in Jaipur City 2016-17’ (2017) https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/20.500.14146/5574/2/02_synopsis.pdf accessed 23 January 2025.

[1] Ishrat Batool Naik I and Raffie Naik A, “DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: ITS CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PRECLUSIONS STRATEGIES” (2016) 2 International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education 1697

[2] Agarwal A and Johri MsK, “The Effects of Domestic Violence on Male Victims: The Law’s Response to the Ultimate Taboo” (2024) 9 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (IJNRD)

[3] K Srinivas Rao v DA Deepa [2013] Supreme Court of India 2176

[4] Rajesh Sharma v State of UP [2017] Supreme Court of India 3869

[5] Wallin B, You Don’t Need to Be a Wimp to Be Abused (Buddha Press.com 2013) <https://dokumen.pub/you-dont-have-to-be-a-wimp-to-be-abused-an-easy-guide-to-understanding-domestic-abuse-against-men-9781492178453-1492178454.html> accessed January 23, 2025

[6] Deshpande S, “Sociocultural and Legal Aspects of Violence Against Men” (2019) 1 Sage Journals

[7] Sandeep and others, “A Review on Domestic Violence Against Men” (2021) 11 An International Bilingual Peer Reviewed Referred Research Journal 77

[8] Mankind Initiative, Statistics on Male Victims of Domestic Abuse https://mankind.org.uk/statistics/statistics-on-male-victims-of-domestic-abuse/ accessed 25 January 2025.

[9] Emergency Assistance Foundation, Domestic Violence Awareness 2023 https://emergencyassistancefdn.org/domestic-violence-awareness-2023/ accessed 25 January 2025.

[10] Alexandra Lysova, ‘Violence in Pre-Marital and Marital Relationships in Russia’ (2008) 11(3) Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 129.

[11] Levada Centre, Kurier-2012: United Archive of Economic and Sociological Data http://sophist.hse.ru/db/oprview.shtml?T¼S&S¼1218 accessed 25 January 2025.

[12] Anketolog, ‘You Can’t Bear Leave: Russians about Domestic Violence‘ (2019) https://iom.anketolog.ru/2019/07/02/domashnee-nasilie accessed 25 January 2025

[13]  Jamie Doward, ‘Men Are Victims of Domestic Violence Too, Shock Study Reveals’ The Guardian (5 September 2010) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violence accessed 25 January 2025.

[14] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence in Australia, 2018: Summary (2018) https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-australia-2018/summary accessed 25 January 2025.

[15] LawDocs, ‘Domestic Violence on Males in India‘ (2022) https://blog.lawdocs.in/2022/06/domestic-violence-on-males-in-india.html accessed 25 January 2025.

[16]Verena Kolbe and Andreas Büttner, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men—Prevalence and Risk Factors’ (2020) 117(31-32)Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 534-541   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7658679/#:~:text=Results,abused%20or%20maltreated%20as%20children accessed 24 January 2025.

[17]Anshika Awsthi, ‘An Indian Perspective on Domestic Violence against Men’ (18 February 2023) Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/my-thoughts-on-paper/an-indian-perspective-on-domestic-violence-against-men-50632/ accessed 24 January 2025.

[18]Sarah R Meyer, Selina Hardt, and Heidi Stöckl, ‘Sociological Theories to Explain Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis’ (25 November 2023) 25(3) SAGE Open https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15248380231210939 accessed 24 January 2025.

[19]Ayodele Johnson Oluwole, ‘The Socio-cultural Causes of Male Victimisation in Domestic Contexts in Lagos, Nigeria: A Qualitative Analysis (July – December 2017)’ (2017) International Journal of Criminal Justice Studies https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/download/195/139&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HRSTZ4rzI6Oh6rQP6af_qAE&scisig=AFWwaeZUhMF47Nwdsdkt7XaVA8rH&oi=scholarr accessed 23 January 2025.

[20]Ayodele Johnson Oluwole, ‘The Socio-cultural Causes of Male Victimisation in Domestic Contexts in Lagos, Nigeria: A Qualitative Analysis (July – December 2017)’ (2017) International Journal of Criminal Justice Studies https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/download/195/139&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HRSTZ4rzI6Oh6rQP6af_qAE&scisig=AFWwaeZUhMF47Nwdsdkt7XaVA8rH&oi=scholarr accessed 23 January 2025.

[21]Jane Simon, ‘Battered Men: Hidden Lives’ (23 October 2006, updated 3 February 2012) https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/battered-men-hidden-lives-646554 accessed 24 January 2025.

[22]Nishtha Sharma, ‘A Sociological Study of Domestic Violence Against Men in Jaipur City 2016-17’ (2017) https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/20.500.14146/5574/2/02_synopsis.pdf accessed 24 January 2025.

[23]Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Santosh Kumar Sharma, Deepanjali Vishwakarma and Suresh Jungari, ‘Prevalence and Risk Factors of Physical Violence Against Husbands: Evidence from India’ (2023) https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/Prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_physical_violence_against_husbands_evidence_from_India.pdf accessed 24 January 2025.

[24]Geeta Pandey, ‘A Man’s Suicide Leads to Clamour Around India’s Dowry Law’ (23 December 2024) BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c33d6161z3yo accessed 25 January 2025.

[25]Nandini, ‘Gender Neutrality in Domestic Violence Laws of India: The Neglected Male Side’ (2024) https://www.tscld.com/domestic-violence-against-men-india accessed 25 January 2025.

[26]Navpreet Kaur and Shobha Gulati, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men in India: A Critical Analysis with Special Reference to Indian Laws’ (March 2024)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379793932_Domestic_violence_against_men_in_India_A_critical_analysis_with_special_reference_to_Indian_laws accessed 24 January 2025.

[27] Susanna K Sebastian, ‘Domestic Violence Against Men in India’ (2018) 4(5) International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied Issues https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/susanna-k-sebastian.pdf accessed 25 January 2025.

[28]Negha Senthil, Jayanthi Vajiram, and Nirmala V, ‘The Misuse of Law by Women in India – Constitutionality of Gender Bias’ (year) https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.14651 accessed 24 January 2025.

[29]Nishtha Sharma, ‘A Sociological Study of Domestic Violence against Men in Jaipur City 2016-17’ (2017) https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/20.500.14146/5574/2/02_synopsis.pdf accessed 23 January 2025.

Scroll to Top